Yes, they can. Neurons can use a process called neurogenesis. Up until quite recently, we didn’t think this was possible – that people were born with a set number of neurons and they never regenerated. However, we’ve recently found out that some areas of the brain are able to generate new neurons from existing neural stem cells. At the moment, we’ve only found this to be possible in two areas in the human brain; the hippocampus (which plays an important role in short-term memory) and the lateral ventricles (which are cavities in the brain which contain spinal fluid), but this presents an exciting development in our understanding of how our brains work.
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